Hydrogen Peroxide

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Definition and Structure Hydrogen Peroxide is the inorganic oxide that conforms to the structure in Figure 1.1 Figure 1. Hydrogen Peroxide Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and chemical properties of Hydrogen Peroxide are presented in Table 1. Pure Hydrogen Peroxide (100%) does not exist commercially, and is only of academic interest.6,7 Hydrogen Peroxide is always manufactured as an aqueous (aq.) solution and is supplied commercially at concentrations of 3% to 98% Hydrogen Peroxide.8 Pure Hydrogen Peroxide is a crystalline solid below 12°F (-11.11°C) and a colorless liquid with a bitter taste above 12°F.9 Hydrogen Peroxide can behave both as an oxidizing agent and as a reducing agent. Aqueous solutions containing 35%, 50%, 70%, or 90% Hydrogen Peroxide are the most commonly used solutions for industrial applications and in laboratory settings, and require a stabilizer (commonly acetanilide) to prevent rapid decomposition to water and molecular oxygen. Aqueous solutions of 3% to 6% are used for cosmetic and medical applications. Hydrogen Peroxide and water do not form an azeotropic mixture (two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation), and are completely separable.6 The dissociation of Hydrogen Peroxide can be a violent and exothermic reaction.9,10 Hydrogen Peroxide is nonflammable, but it is a powerful oxidizing agent that can accelerate combustion when it comes in contact with organic material. Aqueous solutions of Hydrogen Peroxide, at low concentrations in clean inert containers, are relatively stable.8 Stability is at a maximum in acidic solutions between pH 3.5 to 4.5.  Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote Natural Occurrence … [kırpıldı — bölüm toplam 18317 karakter]

Dermal Penetration Hydrogen Peroxide is reactive, and degrades rapidly, due to reactions with all classes of organic biomolecules.6 The rapid degradation upon contact with skin explains the absence of systemic effects from dermal exposure to Hydrogen Peroxide. However, it is possible that application of Hydrogen Peroxide solutions to damaged skin, or exceptional cases with excessive amounts of exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide on skin, may result in some systemic exposure. If Hydrogen Peroxide does penetrate the skin, it is presumed to degrade rapidly into molecular oxygen and water when in contact with blood or other body fluids; therefore, measurement of dermal penetration would not be possible. Despite the fact that Hydrogen Peroxide is a normal metabolite in cell metabolism and that Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism is understood (e.g., through catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes), data on the effects of exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide exposure in humans or animals are limited and mainly consist of case reports of oxygen embolization following the degradation of Hydrogen Peroxide after exposure to large amounts. No standard dermal penetration studies with Hydrogen Peroxide have been successfully conducted. Based on the physico-chemical properties of Hydrogen Peroxide, 100% dermal penetration should be used in the absence of more accurate information.6 After application of 5% to 30% solutions of Hydrogen Peroxide on rat skin in vivo, some Hydrogen Peroxide could be localized in the excised epidermis within a few minutes.11 By contrast, with human cadaver skin in vitro, only after the application of high Hydrogen Peroxide concentrations for several hours, or after pretreatment with hydroxylamine (inhibitor  Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote … [kırpıldı — bölüm toplam 7869 karakter]

Retrospective and Multicenter Studies Dermal Results for dermatitis patients (n = 210) who underwent patch testing with a standard allergen series (including 15 hairdressing chemicals) and a supplementary ‘‘hairdresser series’’ (18 additional hairdressing chemicals) were reviewed.120 The most common sites of dermatitis were the scalp, face, and hands. Patients had widely varying occupations. The most common occupations were cosmetologist (10.5%), housewife (9.5%), and beautician (5.2%); 14.3% were retired. Positive allergic reactions to Hydrogen Peroxide (3% aq.) were observed in 1% of the subjects tested; 1.4% of the subjects were positive for irritation. Subjects (n = 121) who worked as hairdressers, and were suspected to have allergies to chemicals that were used in their profession, were administered a patch tests or prick tests (European Standard Series and Hair-dressing Series), depending on the center where they were tested.121 One subject (0.9%) had a positive reaction to Hydrogen Peroxide. During 1991 to 1997, patients (n = 130), mainly hairdressers, were patch tested, including for Hydrogen Peroxide (concentration not specified), at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health because of suspected occupational skin  Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote disease.122 None of the patch tests were positive for an allergic reaction to Hydrogen Peroxide; one patient had an irritant patch test reaction. At the Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, during 1995 to 1996, 59 patients who were suspected of having eczema caused by hairdressing compounds were patch tested. None of the patients had an allergic or irritant patch test reaction to Hydrogen Peroxide. Data from the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases showed that the … [kırpıldı — bölüm toplam 11641 karakter]

IN VITRO A 21-day porcine corneal opacity reversibility assay (PorCORA) was conducted on a hair colorant mixed 1:1 with Hydrogen Peroxide (12% aq.).113 Ocular irritation effects were observed (microscopic changes only in the superficial squamous cell layer), but were fully reversible. ANIMAL Ocular irritation studies in animals are summarized in Table 12. In general, when rabbit eyes were treated with Hydrogen Peroxide, corneal injury depended not only on the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide, but also on the integrity of the corneal epithelium, which had a protective influence.114 Hydrogen Peroxide at 0.5% to 5% aq. instilled into the eyes caused superficial corneal haze and much conjunctival reaction in rabbits, but these effects were resolved in 24 hr.2,114 Hydrogen Peroxide at 6% aq. had mixed results when instilled into the eyes of rabbits and was found to be both an ocular non-irritant and an irritant,2,32 while at 8% aq., Hydrogen Peroxide was an ocular irritant.2,32 Instillation of 10% to 30% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide caused superficial corneal haze, and, if there were defects in the epithelium, could cause localized swelling and opacities in the corneal stroma.2,32 At 70% aq., Hydrogen Peroxide was corrosive to the rabbit eye.2,32 In one study, Hydrogen Peroxide (10% and 15% aq.) was severely irritating; both concentrations affected the epithelium and deep stroma.115 Rabbits exposed to 90% Hydrogen Peroxide vapor (30 mg/m3) showed no ocular changes due to exposure to test 39 material. Mice exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide (90% aq.) vapors (19 mg/l) showed gross opacities and microscopic lesions in the eyes.2 HUMAN Instilling 1% to 3% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide solution on the human eye has been reported to cause severe pain, which soon subsides.114 In contrast, Hydrogen Peroxide has been historically used at these concentrations as an ocular antibacterial … [kırpıldı — bölüm toplam 6506 karakter]

Irritation ANIMAL Dermal irritation studies in animals are summarized in Table 11. In rabbits, generally, Hydrogen Peroxide was not irritating at up to 10% aq. and mildly irritating to irritating at 35% aq.; at approximately 50% aq. and above, Hydrogen Peroxide was severely irritating and corrosive.2,32 Hydrogen Peroxide was not irritating to intact and abraded skin at 3% and 6% aq. in rabbits.2,32 At 8% and 10% aq., erythema and edema were  Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote observed, but Hydrogen Peroxide was still rated as a non-irritant.2,32 At 35% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide, erythema, edema, and blanching of the test sites were observed in rabbits, and the test substance was found to be a dermal irritant.2,32 At 49.2% aq., Hydrogen Peroxide was corrosive to rabbit skin.2 Dermal exposure to 50% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide for 1 or 4 h exposure was corrosive.2 Dermal exposure to Hydrogen Peroxide at 70% aq. for 3 min caused moderate erythema and mild edema, and exposure for 30 min was corrosive.32 A single application of 15% or 30% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide caused extensive epidermolysis, inflammation and vascular injury to mouse skin.104 In rats, skin exposed to 3% to 10% aq. Hydrogen Peroxide had mild focal epidermal thickening, which had keratinocytes with signs of pyknosis.111 Intracytoplasmic edema was sporadically observed at and around thickened skin, especially in the basal layer. The severity of the effects increased in a dose-dependent manner. Different solutions of 3% or 6% Hydrogen Peroxide were non-irritating or mildly irritating to intact guinea pig skin; in abraded skin, one of these solutions at 3% and one at 6% were strongly irritating, while the other preparations were at most only mildly irritating.2 HUMAN … [kırpıldı — bölüm toplam 3450 karakter]

IARC Group 3 - Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity. The available evidence is insufficient for a classification. This does NOT mean 'safe'; it means 'not enough data'. (Monograph volume: 36, Sup 7, 71). Caveat: IARC classifies HAZARD, not RISK - it says 'can cause cancer under some conditions', not 'causes cancer at cosmetic use levels'. Route and dose must be assessed separately. Data is a 01/2021 snapshot.

EPA ToxValDB genotoxicity: positive — positive reports: 101, negative: 5, Ames: positive, micronucleus: positive. Caveat: this is an aggregated record; dose, species and route of exposure must be considered together.

EPA ToxValDB kanser değerlendirmesi: 3 - Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Caveat: this is an aggregated record; dose, species and route of exposure must be considered together.

EPA ToxValDB skin/eye data — endpoint: skin irritation: in vivo, classification: Severe Irritation, species: rabbit, study: skin irritation, guideline: OECD Guideline 404 (Acute Dermal Irritation / Corrosion) equivalent or similar to, year: 1990. Caveat: this is an aggregated record; dose, species and route of exposure must be considered together.

EPA ToxValDB skin/eye data — endpoint: eye irritation: in vivo, classification: Studies Indicate No Significant Irritation, species: rabbit, study: eye irritation, guideline: OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion) equivalent or similar to, year: 1972. Caveat: this is an aggregated record; dose, species and route of exposure must be considered together.

EPA ToxValDB skin/eye data — endpoint: Skin Irritation, classification: Category 8.2A (Category 1A). Caveat: this is an aggregated record; dose, species and route of exposure must be considered together.